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Biographie de Joseph Mallord William Turner



Joseph Mallord William Turner est un peintre, aquarelliste et graveur britannique, né le 23 avril 1775 à Londres et mort le 19 décembre 1851 à Chelsea. Initialement de la veine romantique anglaise, son œuvre est marquée par une recherche novatrice audacieuse qui fera considérer celui que l'on surnomme le « peintre de la lumière » comme un précurseur de l'impressionnisme, avec son contemporain John Constable. William Turner


Né à Covent Garden à Londres, William Turner est le fils d'un barbier et fabricant de perruque, William Gay Turner. Sa mère, Mary Marshall, perd progressivement la raison, probablement à cause du décès de la jeune sœur de William, Hélène, morte en 1786. Elle mourra d'ailleurs dans un asile en 1804.

Le jeune Turner est envoyé en 1785 chez un de ses oncles maternels à Brentford, petite ville à l'ouest de Londres, sur les rives de la Tamise. C'est là que son intérêt pour la peinture s'éveille. Un an plus tard, il se rend à l'école à Margate, dans le Kent, à l'estuaire de la Tamise. À partir de cette époque, il commence à produire des dessins que son père expose à la vitrine de son commerce.

Il a seulement 14 ans lorsqu'il entre à l'école de la Royal Academy of Arts puis est admis à la Royal Academy elle-même un an plus tard. Turner marque un vif intérêt pour l'architecture, suivant notamment des cours de perspective et de topographie avec le dessinateur en architecture Thomas Malton, avant que l'architecte Thomas Hardwick ne lui conseille de persévérer dans la peinture. Une première aquarelle de Turner est acceptée à l'exposition d'été de la Royal Academy alors qu'il n'y est élève que depuis un an.

Il subit l'influence d'artistes tels que Guillaume Van de Velde, Cuyp, Cozens, Wilson, Claude Gellée dit Claude le Lorrain ou encore Nicolas Poussin. Il est remarqué par un amateur d'art de l'époque qui lui permet de rencontrer divers artistes comme Girtin avec qui il se liera d'amitié. Il travaille d'abord la gravure. Son style, alors plutôt rigoureux

Il expose sa première huile, Pêcheurs en mer, en 1796, année à partir de laquelle il exposera chaque année à la Royal Academy, jusqu'à la fin de sa vie, à de très rare exceptions près. Son caractère romantique est alors révélé par ses représentations de paysages pittoresques de la Grande-Bretagne, mettant la technique au service de sa propre esthétique (en effet ses paysages maritimes se prêtent aisément aux jeux de reflets de lumière qu'il affectionne).

Renommé pour ses huiles, Turner est également un des plus grands maîtres anglais de paysages à l'aquarelle. Il y gagnera le surnom de « peintre de la lumière »[1]. Ses tableaux, paysages et marines d'Angleterre, lui vaudront rapidement une grande réputation si bien qu'il devient membre titulaire de la Royal Academy à l'âge de 27 ans. De 1807 à 1828, il y enseigne la perspective et, en 1845, obtient un poste de professeur suppléant. Son talent lui apporte reconnaissance et confort et lui permet de posséder sa propre galerie à partir de 1804.

Turner voyagera beaucoup tout au long de sa carrière, d'abord en Angleterre et en Écosse, puis, après la paix d'Amiens en 1802, en France, en Suisse, aux Pays-Bas et en Italie, particulièrement à Venise, ville où il séjournera à trois reprises (en 1819, 1829 et 1840) qui lui sera une importante source d'inspiration. En Angleterre, Turner est souvent l'hôte de Lord Lamont à Petworth House dans le Sussex, ce qui donnera naissance à une célèbre série de peintures.

Avec l'âge, Turner devient de plus en plus excentrique et taciturne. Il a peu d'amis et de proches, à l'exception notable de son père qui habitera avec lui jusqu'à sa mort en 1829, travaillant pour son fils comme assistant. La mort de son père affectera beaucoup Turner qui sera dès lors sujet à des accès de dépression. Turner ne se mariera pas, mais aura deux filles avec Sarah Danby puis aura pour compagne la veuve Sophia Caroline Booth à partir de 1833, avec laquelle il vivra maritalement.

En 1846, il se retire de la vie publique, vivant sous le pseudonyme de Mr Booth. Il expose une dernière fois à la Royal Academy en 1850 et, le 19 décembre 1851, Turner meurt au domicile de sa compagne à Chelsea. À sa demande, il est enterré à la Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Londres où il repose aux côtés du peintre Joshua Reynolds.

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